Anaphora: Words or phrases like pronouns are anaphora when they point backwards to something earlier in the text:
Ex: Helen needed the book and asked me to hurry up with it.
Here, it is anaphoric because it refers back to the noun book.
Cataphora: Words or phrases like pronouns are cataphora when they point forwards to something later on in the text: As he was unaccustomed to it, Jake found the pressure very hard to deal with.
Here, it is cataphoric because it refers forwards to the noun pressure.
Cleft Sentences: is one where the original clause is divided into two clauses:
Ex: John took the money.
Ex: It was John who took the money.
Ex: It was the money that John took.
The original sentence has a single clause, but in the two cleft sentences, there are two clauses and this can have the effect of changing the emphasis to focus on John in the first and the money in the second.
Deixis: Words or phrases that can only be understood from the context of the text or utterance where they are found are deictic:
Ex: Tom’s interview was about to start and he was feeling nervous about it.
Here, from the context, we know that he refers to Tom and it refers to the interview; these are examples of deixis.
Dyad: Two people speaking is a dyad; the smallest unit of communication. Relationships between people; employer employee, etc., are dyads as well.
Ellipsis: is the omission of one or more words that are understood in the context, but which are required to make the sentence or utterance grammatically correct.
Ex: Ellipsis is also the name of the three dots (…) used as punctuation to show that some written text is incomplete.
Endophora: Words or phrases like pronouns are endophora when they point backwards or forwards to something in the text:
Ex: As he was late, Harry wanted to phone his boss and tell her what had happened.
Here, he is endophoric because it refers forwards to the proper noun Harry and her refers back to the noun boss.
Exophorc: Exophoric language points to something outside the language of the text, which is understood in the context:
Ex: Take a look at this.
Here, this refers to something that the speaker and listener can see and understand, but which has no meaning outside the context- we don’t know what this is- exophora.
Major Sentence: is a term used for a full sentence, containing a Main Verb and a Subject that is either present or readily identifiable.
Minor Sentence: is one that does not necessarily have a main verb in it, but which can be understood as a complete unit of meaning.
Ex: ‘What time are you leaving?’
Ex: ‘Three.’
Paragraphs: is an organizational feature of written English, and many other languages as well. It is a group of sentences, or possibly a single sentence, separated from the rest of the text by a space above and below it or by indenting the first line (leaving a space between the margin and the first word). A paragraph usually contains sentences that deal with one topic, and a new paragraph signals a change of topic.
Phrases: is a group of words that go together, but do not make a complete sentence.
Sentence Fragment: Sentence fragment does not necessarily have a main verb in it, but can be understood as a complete unit of meaning.
Ex: ‘Who did you see?’
Ex: ‘Tom.’
Here, Tom is a minor sentence; it has no verb, but the listener will understand that the person means I saw Tom.
Minor sentence is another term with the same meaning.
Sentence Simple: contains one subject and one main verb: it contains one independent clause.
Ex: I like coffee
This is a simple sentence with one subject and one verb forming an independent clause. A simple sentence can, of course, include other things:
Ex: I like a couple of cups of coffee first thing in the morning.
Text: is a body of language; it could consist of a single word like ‘Ladies’ or ‘Gentlemen’ on a toilet door right up to a complete book and can be either written or spoken.
Topic Sentences: the topic sentence is a sentence that sets out the main idea or topic of a paragraph. It is often the first sentence especially when arguing a point where it may well be followed by further information, examples etc.. If the writing is exploring a point, it frequently comes as the last sentence, drawing a conclusion from the argument.
Utterance: is a complete unit of speech (what one speaker says before the next starts), ranging from a single word to the longest uninterrupted speech possible.
Word: is the smallest unit of a language that can exist on its own in either written or spoken language. A morpheme such as -ly, used to create an adverb cannot exist without the adjective it modifies; it is not a word, although the adjective it modifies can exist alone and, therefore, is a word:
Ex: The woman was robbed. (4 words- an article a noun an auxiliary verb and a past participle. ‘Robbed’ consists of the verb ‘rob’ and the -ed morpheme to show that it is a past participle so the sentence has 5 morphemes.)
Reference:
http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary.html
Proofread each sentence and paragraph separately: